UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE    OF    AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT  STATION 

CIRCULAR  No.  260 
August,  1923 

AN  ORCHARD  BRUSH  BURNER 

By  W.  L.  ZINK 


Brush  burner  in  operation,  burning  fig  prunings. 

There  has  been  much  demand  from  California  orchardists  and 
vineyardists  for  a  brush  burner  that  can  be  built  in  a  substantial 
manner  at  a  reasonable  cost  with  the  tools  and  equipment  found  in  the 
average  farm  shop.  Furthermore,  a  burner  is  desired  that  can  be 
built  low,  that  will  permit  the  making  of  alterations  according  to 
individual  orchard  conditions,  and  that  is  light  enough  to  be  pulled 
by  two  horses.  Recognizing  the  importance  of  this  demand,  the 
Division  of  Agricultural  Engineering  at  the  University  Farm,  Davis, 
cooperating  with  the  Division  of  Pomology,  has  designed  a  burner 
with  the  above  requirements  in  mind. 

TYPE  OF  BURNER 


An  angle  iron  frame  carrying  a  suspension  or  basket-type  fire  pan 
is  used  (fig.  1).  By  use  of  this  type  of  fire  pan,  the  strain  placed 
upon  the  red-hot  sheet  iron  is  direct  tension  in  place  of  bending. 


Z  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Therefore,  it  is  possible  to  do  away  with  the  material  usually  required 
to  reinforce  the  fire  pan.  By  this  plan  it  is  also  possible  to  place  the 
material  used  in  the  main  frame  far  enough  from  the  hottest  part  of 
the  fire  that  a  light  type  of  construction  may  be  used.  Angle  iron 
runners  are  used  for  transportation.  In  orchard  trials  the  burner 
was  easily  pulled  by  a  team  of  horses. 


Fig.  1. — Sketch  of  orchard  brush  burner  designed  by  the  Division  of 
Agricultural  Engineering. 


MATEEIALS  AND  COSTS 

The  materials  used  have  been  carefully  standardized  so  that  there 
is  just  one  size  of  angle  iron  necessary  (2V2ff  by  2%"  by  %"),  one 
size  and  length  of  braces  (20"  by  1%"  by  %").  two  sizes  of  machine 
bolts  (i/2"  by  1"  and  %"  by  1"),  one  size  and  length  of  tie  rod  (y2" 
round)  and  one  gauge  or  thickness  of  material  for  the  fire  pan. 

One  burner  built  at  the  University  Farm,  using  new  material  for 
the  frame  and  the  discarded  oil  tank  shown  in  figure  2  for  the  pan, 
cost  altogether  $10.40.  Another  burner  built  of  new  material  through- 
out (frontispiece)  cost  $27.22.  In  both  cases  the  angle  iron  was 
purchased  with  the  necessary  cuts  already  made.  Two  men  with  an 
average  set  of  tools  should  be  able  to  build  one  of  these  burners  in 
one  to  two  days. 


Circular  269] 


AN    ORCHARD   BRUSH    BURNER 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL 


No. 

Length, 

Description  of  material 

Name  of  part 

of 
pieces 

size, 
etc. 

Remarks 

Angle  Iron  (2i',x2i"xi") 

Skids 

2 

9' 

Bending  of  ends  and 
drilling  of  holes  are 
same. 

Angle  Iron  (2f  "x2§"x£") 

Fire  pan  supports 

2 

8' 

Both  drilled  alike. 

Angle  Iron  (2A"x2i"XA") 

Vertical  members 

4 

2J' 

Two  right-hand,  two 
left-hand. 

Angle  Iron  (2§ffx2|*xD 

Cross  beams 

2 

5' 

Both  alike. 

Strap  Iron  (1§"x3/8") 

End  braces 

2 

20" 

/3/8"  holes. 

Strap  Iron  (l±"x3/8") 

Cross  braces 

2 

20" 

\18"  on  center. 

Tie  Rods  {\"  round) 

Diagonal  tie  rods 

2 

7f 

U.  S.  Standard  thread 
for  2"  at  each  end. 

Bolts 

\"  Standard  Machine 

Connecting  angles 

12 

1" 

Use  standard  machine 

3/8"  Standard  Machine 

Braces  and  fire  pan 

30 

1" 

bolts. 

Nuts 

Fastening  tie  rods 

4 

ru.s.s. 

thread 

Hex  nuts  will  be  eas- 
ier to  turn  up  than 

Washers 

Under  tie  rod  nuts 

4 

square  ones. 

Sheet  Iron 

Fire  pan 

1 

\  cylinder 

May  be  made  of  old 

(Not  less  than  16 

8'  long  by 

water    tanks,    boil- 

gauge) 

4f  radius 

ers,  corrugated  cul- 
verts, etc.  Black 
iron  usually  cheap- 
er and  is  just  as 
good.  If  in  small 
sections  pieces  may 
be  welded  or  rivet- 
ed together. 

In  some  cases  it  may  be  possible  to  buy  second-hand  material. 
However,  it  is  usually  difficult  to  obtain  angle  iron  of  the  correct  size 
and  weight  for  good  results.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  dimen- 
sions for  the  angles  should  not  vary  too  greatly.  An  angle  of  smaller 
dimensions  may  mean  a  bent  portion  on  the  frame  when  the  burner 
is  in  operation.  For  the  fire  pan,  however,  old  tanks,  boilers,  corru- 
gated culverts,  or  other  second-hand  sheet  iron  may  often  be  used  to 
good  advantage.  For  example,  note  figure  2,  which  shows  how  a  pan 
for  one  burner  was  cut  away  from  an  old  cvlindrical  fuel  tank.     It  is 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


ver3'  important  that  no  material  lighter  than  16-gauge  (approximately 
Yin"  thickness)  be  used  because  of  the  rapid  burning  and  rusting 
effects. 

TOOLS  NECESSARY 

The  principal  tools  required  for  making  one  of  these  burners  are 
a  forge,  a  drill  press,  a  center  punch,  a  %"  point  hot  punch,  a  cold 
chisel  (preferably  with  handle),  and  a  H"  U.S.  standard  die.  A 
sledge,  a  machine  hammer,  a  steel  square,  a  bit  brace,  and  two  adjust- 
able wrenches  are  also  necessary. 


Fig.  2.  Using  an  old  oil  tank  for  fire  pan.  In  this  case  the  required  material 
was  cut  away  by  the  aid  of  an  oxy-acetylene  torch.  Usually  the  material  is  cut 
with  a  cold  chisel. 

If  oxy-acetylene  equipment  is  available,  it  can  be  used  with  advan- 
tage, especially  for  cutting  the  air-draft  holes  in  the  fire  box.  It  is 
also  convenient  for  cutting  the  angles  in  case  they  are  bought  in  stock 
lengths.  Moreover,  it  can  be  used  for  bending  the  curved  ends  of  the 
skids.  With  an  oxy-acetylene  outfit,  it  is  not  necessary  to  have  the 
forge  fire,  the  cold  chisel,  or  the  hot  punch  mentioned  above. 

BUILDING  THE  FRAME 
The  bill  of  materials  ("page  3)  and  figures  3  and  4  furnish  the 
information  necessary  for  cutting  the  stock  for  the  frame  and  pre- 
paring it  for  assembly.  As  a  general  rule,  time  and  money  can  be 
saved  by  buying  the  angle  iron  already  cut  to  the  proper  lengths.  It 
will  help  greatly  in  the  assembling  to  get  the  cuts  as  square  as  possible. 
In  case  the  angle  iron  is  bought  in  stock  lengths,  a  hack  saw  is  a  good 
tool  for  cutting  it.  A  cold  chisel  can  be  used  with  greater  speed  but 
is  not  so  accurate. 


Circular  269] 


AN    ORCHARD    BRUSH    BURNER 


In  making  the  bend  for  the  curved  end  of  the  skid  or  runner,  heat 
the  angle  iron  to  a  white  heat  at  a  point  approximately  one  foot  from 
the  end.  Hold  the  angle  iron  over  a  solid  body  such  as  an  anvil  (fig.  5) 
and  bend  by  striking  the  overhanging  portion  with  a  sledge.     As  the 


a£"*BJ"*i"i8'  angle 


-12"- 


All  bolts  for  angle  iron   connections 
to  be  £"x  I"  —  Bolts  for  braces  and 
fire  pan  to  be  $"xl" 
round  iron  diogonol  brace  rods,    7'/0"  lono^  ^J    ! 


Si  " x  S$  "xj "m  9 '  angle  iro, 

Fig.  3. — Side  view. 

angle  is  bent  down,  it  should  be  turned  sidewise  from  time  to  time  and 
the  kink  which  tends  to  form  along  the  inner  flange  straightened 
(fig.  5a).  Be  certain  that  the  bent  part  of  the  skid  lies  in  the  same 
vertical  plane  as  the  main  part.      By  holding  the  long  blade  of  a 


U'6jr" 


D/agona/    braces 
'2$  "a  2i"*f  x  6'  ong/e  iron 
//'  <tf  " 


Fig.  4. — End  view. 

steel  square  along  the  bottom  of  the  skid  the  amount  of  the  bend 
can  be  easily  read  on  the  short  blade.  Bend  until  the  vertical  rise  at 
the  end  of  the  skid  is  five  inches.  Tt  is  important  to  get  the  skids 
curved  as  nearly  alike  as  possible. 


6  UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

After  completing  the  bending  of  the  skids,  the  holes  for  the 
diagonal  tie  rods  should  be  punched.  These  are  %"  and  should  be 
punched  through  the  corners  of  the  vertical  angles  at  a  point  3%" 


Fig.  5. — Bending  the  curved  ends  of  the  runners. 


Fig.  5a- 


-Hammering  out  the  kinks  formed  during  the  bending 
of  the  runner. 


from  the  bottom  ends.  Use  a  white  heat  for  the  angle  iron  when 
punching  these  holes.  The  horn  of  an  anvil  makes  a  good  support  for 
the  inside  of  the  angle  when  punching.  Do  not  try  to  punch  the  holes 
all  the  way  through  from  one  side.  Go  two-thirds  of  the  way  through, 
then  turn  the  angle  over  and  finish  from  the  other  side.     This  will 


Circular  269] 


AN    ORCHARD    BRUSH    BURNER 


keep  the  edges  of  the  hole  from  burring  out.  Keep  driving  the 
punch  in  from  one  side  and  then  the  other  until  the  hole  is  the  correct 
size. 

Next,  locate  the  position  of  the  remaining  holes  by  center  punch 
marks.  Note  here  that  all  holes  for  bolts  connecting  angles  are  %" ; 
all  those  connecting  braces  or  fire  pan  to  angles  are  %".  A  little 
extra  care  in  laying  out  these  center  punch  marks  will  be  worth  while 
when  it  comes  to  assembling  the  frame.  The  %"  holes  at  the  ends  of 
the  curved  skids  are  the  on]y  ones  on  the  whole  frame  that  should 
not  be  drilled  before  assembling". 


Fig.  6. — Assembly  in  progress.  Frame  complete  except  for  one  fire  pan  sup- 
porting angle.    Draft  boles  cut  and  fire  pan  ready  to  go  on  to  the  frame. 

Each  side  as  a  unit,  including  one  top  rail,  one  skid,  and  two  of 
the  vertical  angle  irons,  should  be  temporarily  bolted  together.  Attach 
the  upper  ends  of  each  of  two  of  the  1%"  by  %"  by  20"  end  braces 
to  the  vertical  angle  irons.  With  the  frame  straightened  by  means  of 
a  square,  swing  the  end  braces  down  to  the  inside  of  the  angle  on  the 
bent  ends  of  the  skids  and  center  punch  for  the  holes.  The  skids  may 
then  be  removed  and  taken  to  the  drill  press  for  drilling  the  %"  end 
brace  holes. 

"With  the  skids  bent  and  all  the  holes  drilled  or  punched,  every- 
thing is  ready  for  putting  the  frame  together  (fig.  6).  It  is  a  good 
plan  to  slip  the  bolts  into  place  and  turn  the  nuts  up  by  hand  until 
all  the  parts  are  in  position.  This  will  give  greater  flexibility  in  fitting 
the  more  stubborn  joints.  It  is  important,  however,  that  all  the  frame 
bolts  be  carefully  tightened  when  once  they  are  in  place.    Adjust  the 


8  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

tie  rods  until  the  diagonal  distances  between  the  vertical  angle  irons 
are  equal.    Bring  them  up  at  least  tight  enough  that  they  will  not  sag. 

BUILDING  THE  FIRE  PAN 

There  are  three  important  points  which  should  be  considered  in 
laying  out  and  cutting  the  draft  holes : 

1.  They  must  be  narrow  enough  to  prevent  the  loss  of  burning  coals. 

2.  They  must  be  low  enough  on  the  sides  of  the  fire  pan  to  allow  the 

ashes  to  sift  through. 

3.  They  must  be  numerous  enough  to  supply  plenty  of  air  to  the 

fire. 


Fig.  7. — Cutting  the  draft  openings,  showing  tools  used  for  cutting, 
sledge,  cold  eye  chisel,  and  the  wood  block. 

The  side  draft  holes  indicated  by  "x"  in  figure  6,  also  by  the 
dotted  lines  in  figure  1,  were  added  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
pruning  season  when  the  brush  was  full  of  sap  and  an  extra  large 
amount  of  air  was  needed.  It  is  well  not  to  cut  these  until  the  burner 
has  been  tried,  for  the  use  to  which  the  burner  may  be  put  often 
alters  the  draft  requirements.  For  the  same  reason  it  is  usually  better 
to  start  with  the  drafts  smaller  than  necessary  and,  after  trial,  increase 
them  to  the  required  size. 

If  the  cutting  is  to  be  done  with  a  sledge  and  cold  chisel  (fig.  7) 
a  block  of  wood  (preferably  hard  wood)  should  be  placed  on  end 
against  the  portion  of  the  sheet  iron  being  cut.  Chalk  the  outlines  of 
the  desired  openings  and  follow  carefully  the  lines  so  made.  After 
the  air  holes  are  cut  they  should  be  smoothed  up  with  the  aid  of  a 
hammer  and  sledge  (fig.  la). 


Circular  269]  AN  orchard  BRUSH  BURNER  0 

It  is  easier  to  hold  the  wood  block  against  the  sheet  iron  if  the 
air  holes  are  cut  before  the  fire  pan  is  fastened  to  the  frame.    However, 
this  is  not  the  case  when  oxy-acetylene  is  used.     In  the  latter  cas 
is  perhaps  better  to  cut  the  draft  holes  after  the  pan  has  been  bolted 
into  place. 

To  drill  the  holes  for  the  bolts  connecting  the  sheet  iron  to  the  top 
angle  irons  of  the  frame,  lay  the  sheet  iron  in  place  and  by  means  of 
clamps  over  the  edges  of  the  angles  or  blocking  from  beneath,  brine 
the  sheet  iron  up  to  the  top  edge  as  shown  in  figure  1.  Remove  the 
four  upper  frame  bolts  and  center  punch  the  sheet  iron  through  these 


fM 

BH    ^^^^5 

4Sk*    if 

JBl*^--     ,inMJ 

h^i;  : 

Jfi5*£  ^^^r^^^W 

Fig.  la. — Straightening  edges  of  draft  openings. 

four  holes.  Drill  these  holes  %"  and  fasten  the  sheet  iron  into  place. 
An  ordinary  bit  brace  can  be  used  for  operating  the  drill  when  drilling 
through  the  sheet  iron,  if  the  end  of  the  drill  is  given  clearance  from 
the  iron  at  all  times  by  driving  into  the  center  of  the  hole  occasionally 
with  a  center  punch.  Once  the  %"  main  frame  bolts  are  in  place  it 
is  a  very  easy  matter  to  drill  for  the  %"  bolts  at  the  one  foot  intervals 
along  the  top  rail. 

MAKING  THE  HITCH 

This  burner  is  so  designed  that  it  may  be  pulled  from  either  end. 
By  this  plan  it  is  possible  to  get  out  of  a  tight  place  very  easily 
without  trying  to  turn  the  burner  around  and  perhaps  damaging  a 
tree.  Two  fifth  chains  and  a  clevis  make  a  very  satisfactory  com- 
bination for  connecting  the  doubletree  to  the  burner.  Both  ends  of 
one  chain  should  be  fastened  to  the  vertical  posts  between  the  cross- 


10  UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

beam  and  the  skids  as  shown  in  figure  1  and  also  in  figure  8.  Do  not 
hitch  to  the  end  of  the  skids  as  this  would  raise  the  hitch  connection 
too  high  and  thereby  increase  the  load  for  the  team.  Furthermore, 
there  would  be  danger  of  bending  the  ends  of  the  angle  iron  skids 
when  making  turns.  The  other  fifth  chain  should  be  hitched  from 
the  center  of  the  first  chain  to  the  doubletree  clevis  or  ring.  Keep  this 
chain  as  short  as  possible  and  still  not  have  too  much  heat  for  the  team. 


vgm3 

'*#4j  ft 

v  *jj         • ,  * 

:  **v^ 

Mil                 rw      mm 

Fig.  8. — Preparing  to  fire  up.     Old  packing  boxes,  excelsior,  or  newspapers 
may  be  used  to  good  advantage.     Note  how  hitching  chains  are  attached. 

PRESERVING  THE  FIRE  PAN 
To  prolong  the  life  of  the  fire  pan  it  is  important  that  each  year 
after  use  it  be  given  a  coat  of  waste  tractor  crankcase  oil,  or  something 
of  that  nature,  to  keep  the  material  from  rusting  out  so  rapidly.  A 
thin  coat  of  asphaltum  is  also  very  good  for  this  purpose.  A  recent 
survey  of  the  burners  in  use  showed  that  more  of  them  had  been  dis- 
carded because  of  the  pan  rusting  out  than  for  all  other  reasons 
combined.  The  design  used  in  this  burner  makes  it  comparatively 
easy  to  put  in  a  new  fire  pan.  With  ordinary  care  this  burner  will 
last  many  years. 

FOR  VINEYARD  WORK 

One  of  the  regular  orchard  burners  has  been  tried  in  vineyard 
work.  The  indications  are  that  it  will  prove  as  satisfactory  for  vine- 
yards as  for  orchards.  No  investigations  have  yet  been  made,  however, 
of  the  most  economical  width  of  frame  or  of  the  proper  size  and 
placing  of  the  draft  holes  for  vineyard  work. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


No. 

253.  Irrigation  and  Soil  Conditions  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 

261.  Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia." 

262.  Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared  with  those  of  California. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives. 

268.  Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

270.  A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 
on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 

273.  Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

275.  The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 

fornia. 

276.  The   Pomegranate. 

277.  Sudan  Grass. 

278.  Grain   Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

280.  Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 

Valley. 
283.  The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

285.  The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

286.  Commercial    Fertilizers. 

287.  Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits. 
294.  Bean  Culture  in  California. 
298.   Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 

304.  A  Study  of  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 
Citrus   in   California. 

308.  I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic 
Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Prop- 
erties of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid. 

312.   Mariout  Barley. 

317.  Selections  of  Stocks  in  Citrus  Propa- 
gation. 

319.   Caprifigs  and  Caprification. 

321.   Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

324.  Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing 

Temperatures. 

325.  Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 

periments in  Sacramento  Valley, 
1914-1919. 

328.   Prune  Growing  in  California. 

331.   Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks. 

334.  Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwood. 


BULLETINS 

No. 
335. 


336. 

339. 

341. 
343. 
344. 

347. 

348. 
349. 

350. 
351. 
352. 

353. 
354. 
355. 
357. 


358. 


359. 
360. 


362. 
363. 


364. 


365. 
366. 


367. 
368. 


369. 
370. 


Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy 
Cows  and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as 
an  Insecticide. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 
Small    and    Large    Timber. 

Studies  on  Irrigation  of  Citrus  Groves. 

Cheese  Pests  and  Their  Control. 

Cold  Storage  as  an  Aid  to  the  Market- 
ing of  Plums. 

The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decidu- 
ous Orchards. 

Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

A  Study  of  Sidedraft  and  Tractor 
Hitches. 

Agriculture  in  Cut-over  Redwood  Lands. 

California  State  Dairy  Cow  Competition. 

Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina- 
tion. 

Bovine  Infectious  Abortion. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

The  Peach  Twig  Borer. 

A  Self-mixing  Dusting  Machine  for 
Applying  Dry  Insecticides  and 
Fungicides. 

Black  Measles,  Water  Berries,  and 
Related    Vine    Troubles. 

Fruit  Beverage  Investigations. 

Gum  Diseases  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Preliminary  Yield  Tables  for  Second 
Growth  Redwood. 

Dust  and  the  Tractor  Engine. 

The  Pruning  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Fungicidal  Dusts  for  the  Control  of 
Bunt. 

Avocado  Culture  in  California. 

Turkish  Tobacco  Culture,  Curing  and 
Marketing. 

Methods  of  Harvesting  and  Irrigation 
in  Relation  to  Mouldy  Walnuts. 

Bacterial  Decomposition  of  Olives  dur- 
ing Pickling. 

Comparison  of  Woods  for  Butter  Boxes 

Browning  of  Yellow  Newtown  Apples. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

70.   Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn  161. 
Growing  in  California.  164 
87.  Alfalfa.  165. 
111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali- 
fornia Soils.  166. 
113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture.  167. 
117.  The    Selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small  170. 

Pumping  Plant. 

136.  Melilotus   indica    as    a    Green-Manure  172. 

Crop  for  California.  173. 
127.   House  Fumigation. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects.  174. 

144.   Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine.  175. 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 

152.  Some    Observations  on  the  Bulk    Hand-  178. 

ling  of  Grain  in   California.  179. 

153.  Announcement  of  the  California  State 

Dairy  Cow  Competition,   1916-18.  182. 

154.  Irrigation  Practice  in   Growing  Small 

Fruit  in  California.  184. 

155.  Bovine  Tuberculosis.  188. 
157.  Control  of  the  Pear  Scab.  190. 

159.  Agriculture  in   the  Imperial   Valley.  193. 

160.  Lettuce  Growing  in  California.  198. 


Potatoes  in   California. 

Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

Fundamentals   of    Sugar   Beet   Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 
The  County  Farm  Bureau. 
Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 
Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 

Crop. 
Wheat  Culture. 
The    Construction    of    the    Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
Farm   Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution   of  Milk. 
The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat 

in   California   for  1918. 
A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 
Lambing  Sheds. 

Agriculture  Clubs   in   California. 
A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 


CIRCULARS — Continued 


No. 
199. 

201. 
202. 

203. 
205. 
206. 
208. 

209. 
210. 
212. 
214. 

215. 
217. 

218. 

219. 
224. 


228. 
230. 

231. 
232. 

233. 
234. 

235. 

236. 

237. 

238. 
239. 

240. 


Onion  Growing  in  California. 

Helpful  Hints  to  Hog  Raisers. 

County  Organizations  for  Rural  Fire 
Control. 

Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 

Blackleg. 

Jack  Cheese. 

Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Farm  Advisors  of  California. 

The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 

Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 

Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes. 

Seed  Treatment  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cereal  Smuts. 

Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California. 

Methods  for  Marketing  Vegetables  in 
California. 

Advanced  Registry  Testing  of  Dairy 
Cows. 

The  Present  Status  of  Alkali. 

Control  of  the  Brown  Apricot  Scale 
and  the  Italian  Pear  Scale  on  Decid- 
uous Fruit  Trees. 

Vineyard  Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates. 

Testing  Milk,  Cream,  and  Skim  Milk 
for  Butterfat. 

The  Home  Vineyard. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  California 
Cherries  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Artificial  Incubation. 

Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees 
during  1921-22. 

Soil  Analysis  and  Soil  and  Plant  Inter- 
relations. 

The  Common  Hawks  and  Owls  of  Cali- 
fornia from  the  Standpoint  of  the 
Rancher. 

Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress- 
ing of  Furs. 

The  Apricot  in  California. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Apricots  and 
Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Pears  for 
Eastern  Shipment. 


No. 
241. 

242. 
243. 

244. 
245. 
247. 
248. 

249. 
250. 

251. 


252. 
253. 
254. 

255. 

256. 
257. 
258. 
259. 
260. 

261. 
262. 
263. 
264. 

265. 
266. 

267. 

268. 

269. 
270. 
271. 


Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for 
Eastern  Shipment. 

Poultry  Feeding. 

Marmalade  Juice  and  Jelly  Juice  from 
Citrus  Fruits. 

Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 

Vine  Pruning  Systems. 

Colonization  and  Rural  Development. 

Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Prunimg 
and  Their  Remedies. 

Replacing  Missing  Vines. 

Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water  on 
the  Farm. 

Recommendations  Concerning  the  Com- 
mon Diseases  and  Parasites  of 
Poultry   in   California. 

Supports  for  Vines. 

Vineyard  Plans. 

The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 
Winter  Egg  Production. 

Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Control  of  Wild  Morning  Glory. 

The  Small-Seeded  Horse  Bean. 

Thinning  Deciduous  Fruits. 

Pear  By-products. 

A  Selected  List  of  References  Relating 
to  Irrigation  in  California. 

Sewing  Grain  Sacks. 

Cabbage  Growing  in  California. 

Tomato  Production  in  California. 

Preliminary  Essentials  to  Bovine  Tuber- 
culosis Control. 

Plant  Disease  and  Pest  Control. 

Analyzing  the  Citrus  Orchard  by  Means 
of  Simple  Tree  Records. 

The  Tendency  of  Tractors  to  Rise  in 
Front-  Causes  and  Remedies. 

Inexpensive  Labor-saving  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 

An  Orchard  Brush  Burner. 

A  Farm  Septic  Tank. 

Brooding  Chicks  Artificially. 


